How Should a Bra Fit Properly

Fit may be one of the things that got you interested in
making bras in the first place. We all know what a great fitting bra
feels like; the best ones are like an extension of your body, almost
weightless, and unnoticeable. We all want that!
Before
going to fitting of bra we should know about bra details. A bra or
brassiere is a form-fitting undergarment designed to support a woman's

Laser Fading Treatment for Denim Finishing

Laser fading for denim: The CO2 laser treatment has been used in different areas of textile industry for several years because it allows short time surface designing of patterns with good precision, desirable effects, various sizes and intensity without causing much damage to the bulk properties of the textile materials. A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical

Basic Mechanisms of the Weaving Machine or Loom

Weaving machine is a device that causes interlacement two sets of threads, namely, warp and weft threads, to manufacture a fabric. There are three types of mechanism to produce fabric by weaving machine, they are primary (shedding, picking & beat up), secondary and Auxiliary mechanisms. Weaving machine manufacturers each have their own versions of the major working mechanisms, but weaving

Denim Bleach Wash Process

Bleach wash is normally carried out with a strong oxidative bleaching agent such as sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) or potassium permanganate (KMnO4). Bleach washing may be carried out with or without the addition of stone. The bleach washing effect and decolouration usually depend on strength of the bleach liquor, liquor quantity, temperature and treatment time. The bleached fabric materials should

Classification of Weaving Machines

Weaving machine or Loom is the machine or mechanical device which is used to manufacture or produce woven fabric by the interlacing of warp and weft yarn. In weaving technology; weaving machine is the principle mechanical device for weaving. There are various types of weaving machine or loom. In this article I will discuss classification of loom. Weaving machines have been developed to enable

PP Spray Wash on Denim and Its Health Hazards

PP spray and Monkey wash:
Monkey wash is a description of special color fading effect normally at thigh and buttocks of denim jeans. In this process, denim jeans are sprayed with a strong oxidising agent such as potassium permanganate. Therefore, monkey wash can be technically termed as ‘PP spray’ (with PP being potassium permanganate). The denim garments should be laid flat or fixed in manikin

How to Take Body Measurements for Dress Making

Body measurement:
The definition of garment sizing
and fit has evolved over time. Current garment sizing is based on the
standard measurements of one single fit model of the ideal customer that
is representative of the target market for a given style of garment.
For perfect sizing of garment body measurement is very important. Body
measurement plays a vital role in better fitting of

Classification of Sewing Machines and Their Functions

Sewing is the process of stitch formation involving needle and thread. Sewing machines
are textile machinery employed to stitch fabric or other material
together with thread. Sewing machines were invented during the first
industrial revolution to decrease the amount of manual sewing work
performed in clothing companies. Industrial sewing machines
differentiate themselves from home sewing

Acid Washing Process for Denim Dress

Acid washing:
Pumice stones are first presoaked in a solution of a strong oxidising agent (either sodium hypochlorite (5–10%) or potassium permanganate (3–6%)) and are then applied to the garments by means of dry tumbling. This results in a localised washing effect with clear blue/white contrast. This technique is also termed ‘acid washing’, ‘snow washing’ or ‘ice washing’. After the stones are

Classification of Computerized Sewing Machines

Computerized sewing machines: Although no significant/fundamental change has happened in sewing-machine kinematics during the last five decades, electronics and computerization have driven the technological advancements in sewing machines. Electronic control has introduced a new form of machine versatility that allows a general-purpose machine to become semiautomatic with specific programmable

Fabric Inspection Systems for Garment Industry

Fabric Inspection Systems:
After
the receipt of a fabric roll to the garment industry, it must be
inspected to evaluate its tolerability from quality point of view or
else additional cost in garment manufacturing may be incurred. It is
normally carried out on fabric inspection machines, which are designed
such that fabric rolls are mounted at the back side of the inspection
table. As

Ozone Fading of Denim: Waterless Denim Finishing

Ozone Fading on Denim:
Using this technique, the garment can be bleached. Bleaching of denim garment is done in a washing machine with ozone dissolved in water. Denim garments can also be bleached or faded by using ozone gas in a closed chamber. The advantages associated with this process are that:

Colour removal is possible without losing strength.
This method is simple and environmentally

Enzyme Wash | Denim Enzyme Wash Process

Enzyme wash:
There has been increasing interest in the use of environmentally friendly, nontoxic, fully biodegradable enzymes in modern textile technology finishing processes. Enzymatic treatment can replace a number of mechanical and chemical operations which are applied to improve the comfort and quality of fabrics. In enzyme washing, cellulase enzymes are used. Hydrolysis of the cellulose,

Stone Wash Process for Denim Garments

Stone wash: For bringing fading effect on denim stone wash is done. Stone wash also helps to increase the softness and flexibility of otherwise stiff and rigid fabrics such as canvas and denim. This process could result in colour-fading of jeans and there is added usage of water for the washing.


Figure-1: Stone washed jeans

Volcanic rocks or pumice stones (Figure-2) are added during washing

Tinting Process in Denim Garments

Tinting of denim: After denim jeans
have been faded, they are dyed with very light colour (0.001% or 0.002%
yellow or pink). This dyeing process is called tinting/overdyeing that
is applied only on garments, not in fabric or yarn. Tinting of denim garments is usually done after the stonewash process. Purposes of tinting in denim:

For making new fashion designs.
To give the finished

Denim Whiskering Process

What is Whisker?
Whisker is one of the most important designs of used look denim garments
and is taken from the worn out lines and impression patterns generated
by natural wearing on hips and the front thigh area. In old jeans,
several patterns can be found consequential to fabric, body shape of
user or sitting posture.


Figure-1: Finished jeans with whisker

Whiskering
is the technique

Sandblasting on Denim | Health Problems in Sandblasting

What is Sandblasting?
Sandblasting is a mechanical process in which localised abrasion or colour change on the denim garment
is created. The process involves blasting an abrasive material in
granular, powdered form at a very high speed and pressure through a
nozzle, on certain areas of the garment such as knees and elbows as
shown in Figure. The treated surface shows distressed/abraded/used

Denim Washing Process: Objectives, Evolution, Advantages and Limitation

Denim washing:
Denim
washing is the aesthetic finish given to the denim garment to enhance
its appeal and provide strength. The emphasis is on comfort and
softness. Fashion trends favour the broken-in look and worn/faded seams
that can only be achieved through garment
processing. Much of the appeal of dry denim lies in the fact that with
time the fabric will fade in a manner similar to

How to Make a Spec Sheet for Garments

What is garment spec sheet or tech pack?


A garment specification sheet or spec sheet is a technical document that contains the construction details of the product, a technical diagram/ sketch of the garment, measurements of the product. Specification sheets are the blueprint of a product, sometimes referred to as the technical pack or tech pack, and should be as comprehensive as possible. It

Fabric Characteristics for Garment Manufacturing

Selection of fabric for apparel manufacturing is a very crucial step in designing a project because fabrics are designed for specific applications. Fabric selection is vital important and integral part. It will ultimately be one of the deciding factors in the success of the finished product. Besides fabric is also basic raw materials for garment manufacturing. Therefore selecting the appropriate

ERP Software Systems for Garment Manufacturing Company

What is  Enterprise Resource Planning?


ERP is the acronym for enterprise resource planning. It is a set of customizable and highly integrative real-time business application software modules sharing a common database, which support core business, production and administrative functions, such as logistics, manufacturing, sales, distribution, finance and accounting. The apparel and fashion

Quality Assurance Process Flow for Apparel Industry

What is quality assurance?


Quality assurance is the process of designing, producing, evaluating, and assessing products to determine that they meet the desired quality level for a company’s target market. It is a complex area of an apparel industry. Quality assurance looks at a product from the first design concept until it is sold to the consumer. Any part of a business needs guidelines to

Different Types of Fabric Used for Clothing

Different types of fabric are used for manufacturing different types of clothing. Choosing fabric for clothes is the most important step in apparel manufacturing because fabric is the basic raw materials for cloths. The quality of fabric not only influences the quality of the garment but also affects the smoothness of the production process. The fabric specifications for different end-use

Applications of Belt and Rope Drives in Textile Industry

Power source is always required to process the textile materials in order to convert it into a final product. An electric power is converted to rotational energy by means of electric motor and it is transferred to the machines to perform various jobs. Power can be transmitted between two parts or shafts, either by negative or positive means. In the case of negative method of power transmission

Raw Materials Used in Garment Industry

Do you think for a single time that what I wear today? How to make it and what is used to manufacture it? People have made cloth for thousands of years. We wear them and decorate our homes with them. But when you see a label that says cotton, silk, or nylon, do you know what it means?
Raw material is the primary substance which is used as an input to a production process for subsequent

What is Garment | Classification of Garments

Definition of garment: What is garment? It is a common question for many people. Actually a garment is a piece of clothing which is manufactured by fabric or textile materials for protecting human body and decorated purpose. These materials can be natural, cellulose and synthetic fibers. There are many types of garments like woven or knitted with different names and uses. Garments can both

Raising Finishing Process in Textile Industry

What is raising or napping?
With the exception of calendering, many of the processes to alter the surface characteristics of fabrics were initially developed for wool, then later adapted for use with cellulosic and synthetic fibers. An excellent example is the process of raising or napping. Raising is the finishing process that raises the fibers on a fabric to produce a mat of fiber ends, or

Denim Fabric Production Process

Denim is a hard wearing and durable warp faced 3/1 twill cotton fabric, having weights of 14½ ounces per square yard, traditionally woven with indigo dyed warp and white filling yarns. It is the most popular fabric, no such fabric become popular like denim. The future of denim is secure as it has an ever growing fashion appeal internationally among all age groups. Somehow it remains eternally

Classification of Textile Fibers

What is fiber? In a
broad sense the word fiber is used for various types of matter – natural
or manmade, forming basic elements of textile fabrics and other textile
structures. It is defined as one of the delicates, hair-like portion of
the tissues of a plant or animal. Fiber is defined by Fabric Link
Textile Dictionary as The basic entity, either natural or manufactured,
which is twisted

Merchandiser and Merchandising Process in Garment Industry

Garment merchandising: Merchandising comes from the word merchandise. Merchandise means commodities or goods to be bought and sold. In textile and apparel industry, merchandising is the department which mediates marketing and production departments. It is the methods, practices, and operations used to promote and sustain certain categories of commercial activity. Merchandising means to arrange

Apparel Merchandising Process Flow Chart

Apparel merchandising: In the textile and apparel industry, merchandisers have a predominantly significant role owing to the exhaustive nature of product range. The practice of buying and selling materials and services is called merchandising. Merchandising activity coordinates different departments in the garment industry. It develops a valuable relationship with the buyers. It builds an

Classification and Application of Functional Clothing

What is functional clothing?


All clothing is known to perform multiple functions – from aesthetic to basic protection from the elements. ‘Functional clothing’ can therefore be defined as a generic term that includes all such types of clothing or assemblies that are specifically engineered to deliver a pre-defined performance or functionality to the user, over and above its normal functions.

Air Permeability Test for Fabric

What is Air permeability?
Permeability may be defined as the rate at which gas or liquid passes through a porous medium. Textile fabrics are permeable substances. The fabric needs air, water and vapour permeability so that a person feels comfortable wearing it. Air permeability is defined as the rate of air flow passing perpendicular through a known area under a prescribed air pressure

Pressing in Garment Industry: Classification, Functions and Factors

What is pressing?


Pressing operation plays a major part in creating finished garments. The aesthetic appeal of the garment is increased with pressing. In the garment manufacturing process, the fabric is subjected to lot of stress during cutting, sewing process. Due to the processes, crease formation and crushing of garments take place and it happens during handling and transportation also.

Pressing Equipments and Methods Used in Garment Industry

Pressing: It is the process of application of heat, pressure and moisture to shape or crease garments or garment components into the geometric forms proposed by the designer. The pressing process influences the final garment appearance and hence the garment appeal. Finishing and pressing machines contour the semi finished garment panels as well as finished garments by bringing down the fibers in

Geotextiles in Civil Engineering: Classification, Functions and Application

Geotextiles as permeable textile materials used in contact with soil, rock, earth or any other geotechnical related material as an integral part of civil engineering project, structure, or system. Textiles play a significant role in build­ing infrastructures, offering desirable properties such as lightweight, strength, and resilience as well as resistance to many factors such as creep,

Basic Parts of a Bra with Functions

Bra or Brassier is an essential undergarments for a girl or a women who want to keep her breast in shape and more attractive by looking sexy. Knowing how a bra is cut and sewn can have a big impact on how it fits your unique shape. Each part plays a role in this essential undergarment. In this article I will discuss on each basic part and explain their function and how it affects your bra fit.

Man Made Fibre Manufacturing Process

Application of fibers in textiles and clothing starts from the development of human evolution. Clothing became existence, not for aesthetic purpose or decoration but for protection against cold, hot, rain, dust, etc. initially. Generally two types of fiber are used to manufacture fabric; they are natural fiber and manmade fiber. In this article I will discuss about man made fiber.

Manmade

Costing of Men's Long Sleeve Shirt

Garment costing is the most important task for merchandisers. To do perfect garment costing, one apparel merchandiser must know about all these activities thoroughly about their costs, procedures, advantages and risk factors. Also he must know how to solve the problems when they occur and to take suitable alternate decision immediately in time. Men’s long sleeve shirt or formal shirt is one of

Costing of Different Components of Garments

The survival of any business depends upon how profitable it is. So, the need to understand the cost of a product, primarily, is to cover the expenses incurred by business. There are always two perspectives on the cost; one is viewed from the customer’s perspective and the other from the supplier. The supplier’s perspective is often termed as the ‘cost of a garment’, which means how much is

Methods and Stages of Garments Costing

Globalization, which has shortened the world’s distance, impacted the garment industry a lot because it is a massive labour-dependent and tech-savvy industry. Although the world has come closer spatially, the garment industry’s supply chain has gone multidimensional, which practically means that it is almost impossible to incorporate all the processes under one roof, so various companies opt to

Costing Procedure for Men’s Basic T-shirts

Pricing is the major aspects of the garment export business that affect your chances of a good profit from your products. It can be tricky deciding on the proper pricing, but once you’ve got your business planned out it’ll be easier making the decision. Your pricing among other things will affect your revenues as well as your profit- two things that make the difference between a successful

Different Types of Denim

Denim is an icon and one of the most familiar products within the textile industry that attracts all age groups. In the history of textiles and apparel, no other fabric has received such a wide acceptance like as denim and it is the fabric of generations, worn by people of all classes and ages. Denim is a cotton fabric, may be the most considered article of style today. Denim is cut and sewn in

ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) Implementation Life Cycle

What is ERP?
The abbreviation of ERP is enterprise resource planning. ERP is a revolutionary concept in the contemporary world. ERP is a software application that keep all the information of an enterprise under one roof for assisting planning and implementing decisions having complete visibility. It integrates and controls all the business processes in the entire organization. ERP supports core

Introduction of Textile Testing: Types, Objectives, Importance and Methods

What is textile testing? The quality of a product or process is checked before it is put into large-scale usage. The quality of the product, its performance, and its reliability are the key factors while testing is performed. Testing can be defined as the methods or protocols adopted to verify/determine the properties of a product. It can be divided primarily into two types: regular process

Sampling Techniques for Fiber, Yarn, Fabric and Garment Testing

What is sample? Sample is a relatively small fraction selected from a population; the sample is supposed to be a true representative of the population. Types of sample: Sample are three types. They are:

Random sample: Every individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected as a sample. It is free from bias, therefore it is a true representative of the population.
Numerical

Different Departments in Garment Industry

Garment technology is a broad based subject because it combines a number of individual technologies, with each making a specialized contribution to the production of garment. The apparel industry is very diverse in nature and along with textile industries, it forms a complex combination of performing heterogeneous functions of transforming fiber into yarn and then to fabric. It is one of the